The most common cover letter mistake is turning it into a prose version of the resume. A resume already lists what you did; a cover letter's job is to explain why it matters for this specific role and to give the reader something the resume's bullet-point format can't — context, reasoning, and voice.
A simple 4-paragraph structure
- Opening: name the specific role and one concrete reason you're a fit for it — not a generic "I'm excited to apply"
- Body paragraph 1: pick ONE relevant achievement from your background and explain the reasoning or context behind it — the "why" the resume bullet doesn't have room for
- Body paragraph 2: connect that achievement (or a second one) directly to something specific in the job description or the company's situation, showing you actually read the posting
- Closing: a direct, low-pressure call to action — invite the conversation rather than oversell yourself
What to leave out
- A full walkthrough of your job history — that's what the resume is for
- Generic enthusiasm with no specifics ("I've always been passionate about...") that could apply to any company
- Restating your job title and dates, which are already on the resume attached to the same application
- Anything explaining a career gap or change unless it's directly relevant — save that for the interview if it comes up
If you're applying to many roles, a template that inserts your name and the company but keeps the same generic body text reads exactly like what it is. Tailoring the connecting paragraph to each specific posting is the part worth spending real time on.